Phytoremediation Techniques for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils: Advances and Challenges

Abstract

Soil contamination with heavy metals, such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg), presents severe ecological and health risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation in the food chain. These contaminants can cause irreversible damage, including neurotoxic effects, renal injury, and cancer. Phytoremediation, an eco-friendly bioremediation technique, utilizes plants to uptake, immobilize, or detoxify heavy metals from contaminated soils. Methods such as phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and phytodegradation have shown potential in mitigating heavy metal pollution. This process offers a sustainable and efficient alternative to traditional remediation techniques like excavation and chemical treatments, providing environmental benefits and improving public health.